Kev mob qog noj ntshav tshwm sim tom qab kis tau ntau ntawm cov hluav taws xob ionizing nyob rau lub sijhawm luv. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev mob nkeeg feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev kwv yees lossis ua kom raug, feem ntau yog tom qab qhov tshwm sim sai thiab tsis tau xav txog rau qib siab hluav taws xob. Hauv kev kho mob, kev mob qog noj ntshav yog hu ua mob hnyav hluav taws xob, lom lom, raug hluav taws xob, lossis hluav taws xob lom. Cov tsos mob tshwm sim sai thiab cuam tshuam nrog qib uas raug. Raug rau hluav taws xob txaus kom ua rau muaj mob muaj tsawg.
Cov kauj ruam
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Paub Cov tsos mob
Kauj Ruam 1. Saib kom pom cov tsos mob
Ua tib zoo saib cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim, lawv qhov hnyav, thiab lawv lub sijhawm. Nws yog qhov ua tau rau cov kws kho mob kwv yees qib kev kis hluav taws xob los ntawm lub sijhawm thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tsos mob. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov tsos mob yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj txhaj tau txais, thiab ib feem ntawm lub cev uas nqus cov pa tawm.
- Qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv qib ntawm kev mob nkeeg yog hom kev raug, qhov pom ntawm lub cev, lub sijhawm raug, lub zog ntawm hluav taws xob, thiab ntau npaum li cas koj lub cev tau nqus.
- Cov xov tooj ntawm tes hauv koj lub cev uas rhiab heev rau hluav taws xob suav nrog txheej txheej ntawm koj lub plab thiab txoj hnyuv, thiab cov cell pom hauv koj cov pob txha uas tsim cov qe ntshav tshiab.
- Qib ntawm kev nthuav tawm qhia kev nthuav qhia cov tsos mob. Cov tsos mob pib nrog rau txoj hnyuv tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kaum feeb.
- Yog tias daim tawv nqaij raug ncaj qha lossis kis tau tus mob, liab, pob, thiab hlawv tuaj yeem pib yuav luag tam sim ntawd.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb xyuas cov tsos mob
Tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los kwv yees qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim hluav taws xob uas ua rau mob ntshav qab zib vim tias muaj ntau qhov sib txawv koom nrog. Cov tsos mob nthuav tawm, txawm li cas los xij tuaj yeem kwv yees tau. Qib ntawm kev raug, suav txij ntawm me me mus rau mob hnyav, tuaj yeem hloov kho lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho cov tsos mob. Cov tsos mob hauv qab no zoo ib yam nrog kev mob qog noj ntshav.
- Xeev siab thiab ntuav
- Mob taub hau
- Ua npaws
- Kiv taub hau
- Tsis meej pem
- Tsis muaj zog thiab qaug zog
- Plaub hau poob
- Ntshav ntuav thiab quav
- Kev kis kab mob thiab kho qhov txhab tsis zoo
- Ntshav siab
Kauj Ruam 3. Xav txog qib kev raug
Plaub pawg thiab lawv thaj tsam ntawm kev kis tau raug siv los tshuaj xyuas qib ntawm qhov hnyav rau kev mob qog noj ntshav. Cov qib yog raws li qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim sai dua lub sijhawm luv. Qhov hnyav tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qib kev raug thiab qhov pib ntawm cov tsos mob.
- Qhov hnyav me me yog raug rau hluav taws xob uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau los ntawm 1 txog 2 chav grey (Gy).
- Qhov hnyav nruab nrab tshwm sim tom qab kis tau uas ua rau lub cev nqus tau 2 txog 6 Gy.
- Qhov tshwm sim hnyav tshwm sim hauv qib nqus tau ntsuas ntawm 6 txog 9 Gy.
- Kev kis mob hnyav heev yog nqus tau ntawm 10 Gy lossis siab dua.
- Cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov nqus tau los ntawm kev ntsuas lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm qhov raug thiab thawj qhov cim ntawm xeev siab thiab ntuav.
- Xeev siab thiab ntuav uas pib hauv kaum feeb ntawm kev kis tau pom tias raug mob hnyav heev. Kev kis me me cuam tshuam nrog qhov pib xeev siab thiab ntuav tsis pub dhau rau teev.
Kauj Ruam 4. Paub tias tus lej txhais li cas
Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob raug ntsuas hauv ntau txoj kev. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qib kev mob nkeeg tau piav qhia raws li qhov hluav taws xob tau nqus los ntawm lub cev.
- Hom hluav taws xob sib txawv tau ntsuas siv ntau chav sib txawv, thiab txhawm rau ntxiv cov khoom sib txawv, lub tebchaws koj nyob hauv yuav siv tsis tau chav sib txawv.
- Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov hluav taws xob nqus tau ntsuas hauv cov chav hu ua grey, sau luv li Gy, hauv rads, lossis hauv rem. Feem ntau kev hloov pauv yog raws li hauv qab no: 1 Gy yog sib npaug rau 100 rads, thiab 1 rad yog sib npaug rau 1 rem.
- Qhov sib npaug rem rau ntau hom hluav taws xob tsis yog ib txwm hais raws li tau piav qhia. Cov ntaub ntawv muab ntawm no suav nrog kev hloov pauv yooj yim.
Kauj Ruam 5. Paub txog txoj hauv kev raug
Muaj ob hom kev nthuav tawm tau; irradiation thiab paug. Kev xoo hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog kev kis hluav taws xob, tso pa tawm, lossis cov khoom me me, thaum kis tau cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov plua plav lossis kua.
- Kev mob hnyav hluav taws xob tsuas yog tshwm sim nrog kev kho hluav taws xob. Nws muaj peev xwm tau los rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha thiab tseem tau ntsib kev cuam tshuam hluav taws xob.
- Kev kis kab mob kis tau los ntawm kev nqus cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab thauj mus rau cov pob txha uas nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv xws li mob qog noj ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 6. Xav txog qhov ua tau
Kev mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem ua tau tab sis tsis zoo li thiab qhov xwm txheej tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim. Kev raug hluav taws xob tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm uas siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav. Muaj peev xwm, muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ntuj uas hloov pauv kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov qauv uas muaj cov hluav taws xob muaj zog, xws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear, tuaj yeem ua tau.
- Kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim teb raug, zoo li av qeeg lossis cua daj cua dub, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear uas ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ib puag ncig ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem txaus ntshai. txawm hais tias hom kev puas tsuaj yam tsis zoo li no.
- Kev ua tsov rog uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv riam phom nuclear tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.
- Kev ua phem rau siv cov foob pob qias neeg tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav rau tib neeg nyob ze ib puag ncig.
- Kev mus ncig chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog kev nthuav tawm hluav taws xob.
- Thaum ua tau, nws tsis zoo li qhov kis tau los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv rau lub hom phiaj kho mob tuaj yeem ua rau kev txhim kho mob qog noj ntshav.
- Lub zog nuclear yog nyob ib puag ncig peb. Kev tiv thaiv muaj nyob rau hauv los tiv thaiv cov pej xeem los ntawm kev raug mob.
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Sib Piv Hom Hluav Taws Xob
Kauj Ruam 1. Txheeb xyuas hom hluav taws xob
Cov hluav taws xob nyob ib puag ncig peb txhua qhov chaw; qee qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nthwv dej thiab qee qhov ua cov khoom me me. Cov hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tsis pom thiab ua rau tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo dab tsi, thaum lwm cov ntawv muaj zog thiab txaus ntshai yog tias raug. Muaj ob hom hluav taws xob thiab plaub hom kev tso tawm los ntawm hluav taws xob.
- Ob hom ntawv hluav taws xob yog ionizing thiab nonionizing.
- Plaub feem ntau hom kev tso tawm hluav taws xob muaj xws li alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, thiab X rays.
Kauj Ruam 2. Paub txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hluav taws xob ionizing
Ionizing tawg tawg tuaj yeem nqa lub zog ntau. Cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv thaum lawv cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov nqi. Qhov no tsis yog qhov phem ib txwm.
- Ionizing hluav taws xob kuj tseem siv los tsim lub hauv siab xoo hluav taws xob lossis CT scan. Raug rau hluav taws xob rau siv ua kev pab kuaj mob, xws li xoo hluav taws xob thiab xoo hluav taws xob CT, tsis muaj qhov txwv meej.
- Raws li cov lus qhia luam tawm los ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm kev kawm paub hu ua kev ntsuas tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, lossis NDT, 0.05 rem hauv ib xyoos tau pom zoo raws li qhov txwv rau kev raug tsim los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej siv kho mob.
- Tej zaum yuav muaj kev txwv los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob lossis txiav txim siab los ntawm koj tus mob yog tias koj niaj zaus raug hluav taws xob raws li txoj kev kho mob, xws li mob qog noj ntshav.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nkag siab tias cov hluav taws xob uas tsis muaj hluav taws xob muaj kev nyab xeeb
Nonionizing hluav taws xob ua rau tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab tau siv hauv cov khoom koj tau ntsib nrog txhua hnub. Koj lub qhov cub microwave, lub tshuab ua kom sov nrog cua sov infrared, cov nyom nyom, koj lub ntsuas pa hauv koj lub tsev, thiab koj lub xov tooj ntawm tes yog piv txwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo.
- Khoom noj khoom haus zoo ib yam, xws li hmoov nplej, qos yaj ywm dawb, nqaij npuas, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, nqaij qaib, thiab qe, yog cov hluav taws xob tsis cuam tshuam nrog hluav taws xob tsis yog hluav taws xob ua kauj ruam kawg ua ntej yuav tshwm sim hauv koj lub khw muag khoom noj.
- Cov koom haum tseem ceeb uas muaj kev hwm, xws li Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv thiab Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab American Medical Association txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem siv rau cov zaub mov tsis zoo los pab tswj cov kab mob thiab kab mob parasites uas tuaj yeem txaus ntshai yog tias noj.
- Koj lub tshuab ntsuas pa tiv thaiv koj ntawm hluav taws los ntawm kev tso tawm ib qib qis ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thaiv cov kwj deg thiab qhia koj lub tshuab ntsuas pa kom tso lub tswb nrov.
Kauj Ruam 4. Paub txog hom kev tso pa tawm hluav taws xob
Yog tias koj tau raug hluav taws xob ionizing, hom kev tso pa tawm uas tam sim no cuam tshuam txog qib kev mob nkeeg uas koj tuaj yeem ua, lossis tsis yog, kev paub. Plaub hom kev tso tawm muaj xws li alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, thiab x rays.
- Alpha hais tsis taug kev deb thiab muaj teeb meem hla dhau txhua yam nrog cov khoom. Alpha hais tawm tag nrho lawv lub zog hauv thaj chaw me me.
- Alpha hais muaj teeb meem nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tab sis yog tias lawv nkag mus rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tom qab ntawd lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau, tua cov nqaij thiab cov nyob ze.
- Beta particles tuaj yeem taug kev deb dua li cov khoom alpha, tab sis tseem muaj teeb meem nkag los ntawm daim tawv nqaij lossis txheej khaub ncaws.
- Beta particles zoo ib yam li alpha hais hauv qhov uas lawv tuaj yeem ua kev puas tsuaj rau lub cev yog tias lawv nyob sab hauv.
- Gamma rays taug kev ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm lub teeb thiab nkag mus los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov nqaij tawv nqaij yooj yim dua. Gamma rays yog daim ntawv phom sij txaus ntshai tshaj plaws.
- X hluav taws xob tseem taug kev nrawm ntawm lub teeb thiab tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nov yog qhov uas ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob thiab qee qhov kev siv ua haujlwm.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Kho Mob Raug Mob
Kauj Ruam 1. Nrhiav kev kho mob xwm txheej ceev
Hu rau 911 thiab tshem koj tus kheej tawm ntawm qhov chaw tam sim ntawd. Tsis txhob tos kom pom cov tsos mob tshwm sim. Yog tias koj paub tias koj tau raug hluav taws xob ionized, nrhiav kev kho sai tshaj plaws. Cov mob me me mus rau nruab nrab tuaj yeem kho tau. Cov ntawv hnyav dua feem ntau ua rau tuag taus.
- Yog tias koj xav tias koj tau raug qhov hluav taws xob ntau dhau lawm, tshem tag nrho cov khaub ncaws thiab cov khoom koj tau hnav thaum lub sijhawm thiab muab tso rau hauv lub hnab yas.
- Ntxuav koj lub cev nrog xab npum thiab dej kom sai li sai tau. Tsis txhob txhuam cov tawv nqaij. Qhov ntawd tuaj yeem ua rau khaus lossis ua rau tawv nqaij uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev nqus tau cov hluav taws xob uas seem los ntawm cov tawv nqaij.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim siab txog qib kev raug
Nkag siab txog hom hluav taws xob ionized ntawm qhov chaw uas koj tau tshwm sim thiab ntau npaum li cas koj lub cev nqus tau yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev mus txog qhov kuaj mob ntawm qib hnyav.
- Lub hom phiaj rau kev kho mob rau hluav taws xob muaj xws li zam kev kis kab mob ntxiv, kho cov teeb meem uas yuav muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej tam sim, txo cov tsos mob, thiab tswj qhov mob.
- Cov neeg uas mob me me mus rau nruab nrab thiab tau txais kev kho mob feem ntau muaj kev rov zoo. Rau ib tus neeg uas muaj txoj sia nyob los ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob, cov qe ntshav yuav pib ua rau lawv tus kheej tom qab plaub txog tsib lub lis piam.
- Kev raug mob hnyav thiab hnyav heev ua rau muaj neeg tuag xws li ob hnub mus rau ob lub lis piam tom qab kis tas.
- Feem ntau, qhov ua rau tuag los ntawm mob qog noj ntshav yog vim los ntshav sab hauv thiab kis kab mob.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tau txais cov tshuaj noj
Feem ntau, cov tsos mob mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem tswj tau zoo hauv tsev kho mob. Txoj hauv kev mus rau kev kho mob suav nrog tswj cov dej, tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsos mob, tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob, thiab tso cai rau lub cev rov zoo.
- Tshuaj tua kab mob tau sau tseg los kho kab mob uas feem ntau tshwm sim rau cov neeg muaj mob muaj nkeeg.
- Txij li cov pob txha pob txha nkag siab rau hluav taws xob, koj tau txais qee yam tshuaj uas txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov qe ntshav.
- Cov kev kho mob suav nrog kev siv cov khoom lag luam ntshav, cov pab pawg txhawb nqa lub cev, hloov pauv pob txha, thiab hloov pauv qia cell raws li qhia. Qee qhov, cov ntshav thiab/lossis cov ntshav platelet tuaj yeem pab kho cov pob txha puas.
- Cov uas tau txais kev kho mob feem ntau yog cais los ntawm lwm tus los pab tiv thaiv kev kis mob. Kev mus ntsib qee zaum txwv tsis pub txo qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib kis nrog cov neeg kis kab mob.
- Cov tshuaj muaj los pab tswj kev puas tsuaj hauv lub cev, nyob ntawm seb yam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob tawg lossis cov pa tawm cuam tshuam nrog.
Kauj Ruam 4. Cia siab tias yuav tau txais kev saib xyuas
Kev tswj tus tsos mob yog ib feem ntawm kev kho mob, tab sis rau cov tib neeg uas tau txais koob tshuaj ntau dua, ntau dua 10 Gy, cov hom phiaj kho mob yuav ua rau tus neeg ntawd xis nyob.
- Piv txwv ntawm kev saib xyuas txhawb nqa suav nrog kev tswj hwm qhov mob hnyav thiab cov tshuaj muab rau cov tsos mob txuas ntxiv xws li xeev siab thiab ntuav.
- Kev saib xyuas tom tsev thiab kev sab laj txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tuaj yeem muaj.
Kauj Ruam 5. Saib xyuas koj kev noj qab haus huv
Cov tib neeg raug rau cov xwm txheej hluav taws xob uas tsim kev mob nkeeg muaj ntau dua li ib txwm muaj feem tsim teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, suav nrog mob qog noj ntshav, ntau xyoo tom qab.
- Ib zaug, nrawm, txhaj tshuaj loj rau hluav taws xob rau tag nrho lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Raug rau tib koob tshuaj sib kis tau ntau lub hlis lossis ntau lub hlis tuaj yeem kho nrog tus neeg muaj txoj sia nyob zoo.
- Kev tshawb fawb tsiaj qhia pom tias kev raug hluav taws xob hnyav tuaj yeem ua rau muaj menyuam tsis taus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm tes. Thaum nws muaj peev xwm tias kev mob qog noj ntshav tuaj yeem ua teeb meem nrog kev tsim cov qe menyuam, phev, thiab kev hloov pauv caj ces, cov teebmeem no hauv tib neeg tsis tau pom dua.
Kauj Ruam 6. Txheeb xyuas koj qhov raug nyob hauv koj qhov chaw ua haujlwm
Cov txheej txheem teeb tsa los ntawm OSHA muab cov lus qhia rau cov tuam txhab thiab cov chaw uas siv cov khoom siv cuam tshuam nrog hluav taws xob ionizing. Muaj ntau hom hluav taws xob tshaj qhov uas tau tham txog ntawm no, nrog rau ntau daim ntawv thov kev nyab xeeb hauv peb lub ntiaj teb uas peb vam khom txhua hnub.
- Cov neeg ua haujlwm uas raug rau hluav taws xob yog ib feem ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm feem ntau yuav tsum tau hnav cov paib uas ua raws cov tshuaj ntau ntxiv.
- Cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis raug tso cai nyob twj ywm hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev pheej hmoo thaum lawv tau mus txog lub tuam txhab lossis tsoomfwv txwv, tshwj tsis yog muaj kev tshaj tawm lub xeev xwm txheej ceev.
- Cov qauv rau kev tshaj tawm hluav taws xob hauv chaw ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau teeb tsa txwv ntawm 5 rem ib xyoos. Hauv cov xwm txheej xwm txheej ceev, cov qib ntawd tau nce mus rau 25 rem hauv ib xyoos, uas tseem raug txiav txim siab nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev nyab xeeb.
- Raws li koj lub cev rov zoo los ntawm kev kis hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Tsis muaj cov lus qhia thiab pov thawj me ntsis los qhia tias yuav muaj kev phom sij rau yav tom ntej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev rov tshwm sim dua.
