Thaum cov chav ntsuas ntsuas me ntsis, nrog rau kev saib xyuas kom ntxaws thiab cov cuab yeej raug, koj tuaj yeem ntsuas hluav taws xob ionizing sai thiab yooj yim. Kawm paub qhov nkag thiab tawm ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej nrhiav pom, thiab paub koj tus kheej nrog ntau txoj hauv kev ntsuas hluav taws xob. Thawj yog suav tus lej, lossis kuaj pom tus lej ntawm cov atoms tsis ruaj khov hauv lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, ntsuas hauv suav ib feeb (cpm). Koj tsis tuaj yeem qhia tau tias hluav taws xob txaus ntshai npaum li cas los ntawm kev ntsuas suav ib leeg. Txhawm rau ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, koj yuav tsum ntsuas ntsuas hluav taws xob thiab txheeb xyuas hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hluav taws xob tam sim no.
Cov kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Kawm Yuav Siv Li Cas Li Cas
Kauj Ruam 1. Yuav ib lub cuab yeej nrhiav hauv online lossis ntawm lub chaw muag khoom kuaj
Nrhiav cov ntsuas hluav taws xob online lossis ntawm lub chaw xa khoom kuaj. Cov cuab yeej uas ntsuas hluav taws xob suav nrog Geiger cov txee, chav ionization, thiab ntsuas tus kheej. Feem ntau, cov cuab yeej ntsuas pom kev sib kis, ntsuas koob tshuaj, lossis ua ob qho tib si.
- Feem ntau, Geiger cov txee yog txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws kom pom cov kab mob sib kis hauv xov tooj cua thiab ntsuas qhov raug. Qee qhov Geiger cov txee tsuas yog ntsuas cov hluav taws xob, qee qhov tsuas yog ntsuas hluav taws xob, thiab lwm qhov ntsuas ob qho tib si.
- Thaum cov uas siv ua haujlwm zoo tuaj yeem raug nqi ntau txhiab daus las (Asmeskas), koj tuaj yeem pom cov cuab yeej digital raug uas ntsuas ob qho txiaj ntsig rau $ 300 txog $ 500. Meters nrog cov lus qhia sib piv uas tsuas ntsuas ib qho tseem ceeb muaj nyob ib puag ncig $ 100.
- Cov neeg uas ua haujlwm nyob ib puag ncig hluav taws xob, xws li cov kws tshaj lij xoo hluav taws xob, feem ntau taug qab cov tshuaj hluav taws xob nrog cov tshuaj ntsuas tus kheej hnav. Cov cuab yeej no tso lub tswb ceeb toom thaum ntsuas qib hluav taws xob mus txog qib tsis zoo, tab sis lawv siv tsis tau los nrhiav cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Kauj Ruam 2. Qhib lub cuab yeej thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, teeb nws mus rau qhov ntsuas qis tshaj
Cov duab hluav taws xob ntsuas nrog cov lus sib piv muaj qhov hloov lossis khawm uas hloov kho cov zaub ntsuas. Ua ntej koj ua koj daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam, teeb lub ntsuas rau "x1" txhawm rau pab xyuas kom nyeem tau raug.
- Cov khoom siv sib piv uas ntsuas cov pa hluav taws xob nthuav tawm qhov ntsuas ntawm suav ib feeb hauv ib ntus ntawm 100. Rau cov ntsuas uas ntsuas ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab nthuav tawm, yuav muaj qhov ntsuas ntxiv hauv mSv/h (milliSieverts ib teev, thoob ntiaj teb chav rau tshuaj npaum li cas) lossis mR/h (milliroentgen ib teev, ib chav rau koob tshuaj qee zaum siv hauv Asmeskas).
- Piv txwv tias koj tab tom ntsuas xov tooj cua thiab nyeem 100 cpm. Yog tias qhov ntsuas tau teev rau "x10" hloov ntawm "x1," qhov suav tiag yog 10 npaug 100, lossis 1, 000 cpm. Hais tias koj tab tom ntsuas tus nqi tshuaj thiab tau nyeem 0.01 mSv/h, uas zoo li muaj kev nyab xeeb. Yog tias koj ntsuas tau teev rau “x100,” qhov koob tshuaj yog qhov tseeb 1 mSv/h, uas yog qhov txaus ntshai heev.
- Kev teeb tsa qhov ntsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau ntsuas nrog cov lus sib piv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tsim nyog rau feem ntau cov ntsuas nrog cov lus qhia digital. Txheeb xyuas koj lub cuab yeej phau ntawv rau kev qhia ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Kauj Ruam 3. Txheeb xyuas lub roj teeb yog tias koj muaj lub ntsuas analog
Nrhiav qhov hloov pauv sau tias "thaj tsam" lossis "puav" khawm. Nias lub pob lossis tig qhov hloov pauv, tom qab ntawd kos cov zaub. Lub koob ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm cov zaub yuav tsum dhia mus rau thaj tsam ntawm qhov ntsuas cim "puav xeem" lossis "puav." Yog tias rab koob tsis txav mus rau thaj chaw "puav puav" lossis "puav", hloov lub roj teeb.
- Txheeb xyuas koj phau ntawv qhia rau kev hloov roj teeb rau koj lub ntsuas tshwj xeeb.
- Txog cov ntsuas nrog cov duab digital, koj yuav pom lub cim lossis cim qhia xws li "puav tsawg" thaum nws txog sijhawm hloov lub roj teeb.
- Lub roj teeb qis yuav ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis raug, yog li ua qhov ntsuas lossis kuaj xyuas cov duab digital ua ntej yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tuav tus sojntsuam sab hauv 1⁄2 hauv (1.3 cm) ntawm qhov chaw koj tab tom tshuaj ntsuam.
Koj yuav hla tus pas nrig lossis lub cuab yeej nws tus kheej hla saum npoo los nyeem ntawv. Tuav lub ntsuas los ntawm nws tuav, thiab tsis txhob kov qhov kawg. Tsis txhob tso qhov kawg ntawm lub cuab yeej lossis tus ntiv tes kov ib yam dab tsi thaum siv, suav nrog cov khoom lossis tus neeg koj tab tom tshawb fawb.
Yog tias koj lub cuab yeej muaj tus pas nrig, xyuas kab ntawv uas khiav ntawm tus pas nrig thiab lub cev tseem ceeb. Nrhiav nicks lossis xoob sib txuas ntawm ob qho kawg. Nrog rau lub cuab yeej qhib, maj mam rub lub cable ntawm ob qhov txuas. Yog tias kev nyeem ntawv pib hloov pauv tsis raug, lub cable puas lawm
Kauj Ruam 5. Tsiv tus sojntsuam li 1 txog 2 in (2.5 txog 5.1 cm) ib pliag
Saib cov zaub thiab mloog lub suab teb thaum koj maj mam hla lub cuab yeej lossis hla hla saum npoo. Tsis txhob txav chaw sojntsuam yog rab koob lossis cov duab tso saib tus lej loj, lossis yog lub suab teb zuam sai dua. Ncua hla thaj chaw uas koj tus lej nce mus txog li 5 txog 10 vib nas this kom tau txais kev ntsuas raug.
Yog tias koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas ib tus neeg, pib ntawm lawv lub taub hau, tom qab ntawd hla qhov kev sojntsuam hla lawv lub hauv siab thiab rov qab rau hauv cov duab "S" sib tshooj. Dhau lub 'meter' ncaj nce thiab nqis lawv txhais caj npab thiab txhais ceg, thiab nco ntsoov ntsuas lawv txhais tes, taw, thiab taw ntawm lawv txhais taw
Kauj Ruam 6. Kho qhov ntsuas, yog tias tsim nyog
Yog tias koj siv lub ntsuas ntsuas nrog lub ntsej muag zoo sib xws, nws yuav zoo li muaj cov npe cpm tus lej nce ntxiv ntawm 100 txog 500. Ib lub 'meter' uas ntsuas ob cpm thiab mSv/hr lossis mR/hr tseem yuav muaj cov teev uas teev cov chav nyob hauv kev nce ntxiv ntawm 0.5. Yog tias rab koob dhia mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov zaub, koj yuav tsum teeb lub ntsuas mus rau qhov ntsuas siab tshaj tom ntej txhawm rau kom tau txais kev nyeem tau raug.
Hais tias koj tab tom ntsuas xov tooj cua thiab suav qhov tseeb yog 1, 300 cpm. Yog tias lub ntsuas ntsuas tau teev rau "x1," nws tsuas tuaj yeem suav suav txog 500 cpm. Yog tias koj teeb nws rau "10x," rab koob yuav ntog hla 130, thiab koj yuav tau txais kev ntsuas qhov tseeb
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv Geiger lub txee uas ntsuas suav ib feeb lossis thib ob
Txhawm rau ntsuas radioactivity, siv lub cuab yeej uas suav tus lej ntawm cov subatomic hais tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Chav ntsuas rau qhov ntsuas no hu ua becquerel (Bq), uas yog sib npaug rau 1 feem, lossis suav, ib pliag.
- Geiger cov neeg suav uas tshawb pom cov kab hluav taws xob feem ntau tso saib nyeem hauv cpm, tab sis koj yuav pom ib qho uas qhia Bq lossis suav ib ob (cps).
- Cov pa hluav taws xob tsis ruaj khov, thiab lawv tso cov teeb meem lossis lub zog los sim ua kom ruaj khov. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua radioactivity. Geiger cov chaw suav uas tsuas yog tshuaj xyuas kab mob khees xaws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nrhiav cov tshuaj muaj kuab paug, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia meej txog kev kis lossis koob tshuaj.
Kauj Ruam 2. Ua ib qho kev nyeem keeb kwm yav dhau
Qhib koj lub cuab yeej, tshuaj xyuas lub roj teeb, thiab xyuas kom nws ua haujlwm tau zoo. Tuav lub cuab yeej lossis nqa hla qhov chaw txias, lossis qee yam uas koj tsis xav tias yuav muaj kab mob. Cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau yog nyob txhua qhov chaw, yog li koj yuav tsum tau nyeem ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm 5 thiab 100 cpm.
- Saib hauv online kom pom qhov nruab nrab cov duab hluav taws xob hauv koj cheeb tsam. Sib piv koj cov kev nyeem nrog cov kab no kom ntseeg tau tias koj lub cuab yeej ua haujlwm.
- Nco qab tias 60 cpm sib npaug 1 Bq, txij li 60 suav ib feeb sib npaug 1 suav ib pliag. Yog tias koj ntsuas ntsuas hauv Bq, muab cov ntawv nyeem sib npaug 60 los hloov nws mus rau cpm. Kev nyeem ntawv ntawm 0.4 Bq, piv txwv li, yuav yog 24 cpm.
- Cov duab hluav taws xob tom qab nyob ntawm ntau yam. Piv txwv li, kev nce siab tau txais ntau dua hluav taws xob los ntawm qhov chaw, yog li suav yuav siab dua saum roob lossis hauv dav hlau.
Kauj Ruam 3. Dhau lub 'meter' hla tus yam ntxwv saum npoo av
Tuav tus pas nrig lossis ntaus ntawv txog 1⁄2 hauv (1.3 cm) hla qhov khoom lossis tus neeg koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas. Cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau theem hloov pauv, yog li tsis txhob poob siab yog tias koj pom nyeem ntawv dhia los ntawm 5 cpm ces mam li nco dheev poob los ntawm 10 cpm.
Yog tias lub suab teb nrawm dua lossis yog rab koob lossis pom cov lej loj heev, tsis txhob txav mus sojntsuam li 5 txog 10 vib nas this
Kauj Ruam 4. Txheeb rau suav ntau dua ob zaug ntawm kev nyeem keeb kwm yav dhau
Khaws koj cov keeb kwm yav dhau los nyeem hauv siab thaum koj luam theej duab. Feem ntau, suav ntau dua ob zaug lossis 100 cpm siab dua qhov nyeem tom qab qhia tias muaj kab mob kuab paug.
- Piv txwv tias koj nyeem keeb kwm yav dhau yog 10 txog 20 cpm. Suav ntawm 160 cpm yuav qhia txog kev sib kis, tab sis tsis tas yuav txaus kom ua rau muaj kev phom sij tam sim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nyeem ntawm 3, 000 lossis 10, 000 cpm yuav yog qhov ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb.
- Hauv Asmeskas, kev nyeem keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm 100 cpm tau suav tias yog qib ceeb toom. Cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw, yog li saib online txhawm rau nrhiav cov qauv rau koj lub xeev lossis xeev.
- Nco ntsoov ntsuas cpm tsis qhia koj txog hom lossis koob tshuaj hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qee hom hluav taws xob muaj teeb meem ntau dua li lwm qhov, yog li ntsuas cpm ib leeg tsis tuaj yeem qhia koj yog tias cov tshuaj muaj tshuaj muaj kuab lom txaus ntshai.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Xam Xaj Hluav Taws Xob
Kauj Ruam 1. Kwv yees koj cov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo nrog lub laij lej online
Koj tuaj yeem tau txais qhov kwv yees kwv yees ntawm koj qhov kev kis hluav taws xob txhua xyoo yam tsis siv cov khoom siv twg. Xam koj qhov koob tshuaj txhua xyoo los ntawm kev nkag mus rau thaj chaw koj nyob, ntev npaum li cas koj tau siv lub dav hlau, seb koj puas tau kuaj CT lossis xoo hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv rau hauv cov cuab yeej online.
Kwv yees koj qhov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob txhua xyoo ntawm
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob nrog lub cuab yeej ntsuas Grays lossis sieverts
Qee lub Geiger cov suav thiab lwm yam khoom siv ntsuas tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov koob tshuaj, lossis qhov hluav taws xob ntau npaum li cas ntawm lub cev lossis cov khoom nqus. Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, chav ntsuas rau qhov ntsuas no hu ua hluav taws xob nqus cov tshuaj (rad). Cov txheej txheem siv thoob ntiaj teb hu ua Grey (Gy); 1 Gy sib npaug 100 rad.
- Ib lub cuab yeej uas ntsuas qhov koob tshuaj tuaj yeem ntsuas ntsuas hauv rad, Gy, milliSieverts (mSv), lossis milliSieverts ib teev (mSv/h). Sievert yog ib chav uas ntsuas qhov koob tshuaj tau zoo, lossis muaj kev pheej hmoo noj qab haus huv ntawm kev nqus cov tshuaj tawg. Ib tus millisievert sib npaug 0.001 Sievert.
- Geiger cov suav tsis ntsuas ntsuas hluav taws xob ib puag ncig kom raug raws li cov chav ionization. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chav ionization kim dua, feem ntau nyuaj siv, thiab yuav tsum tau ntsuas kom raug.
Kauj Ruam 3. Teeb koj lub cuab yeej txhawm rau txheeb xyuas hom hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, yog tias tsim nyog
Qee qhov ntsuas ntsuas qhov raug, thiab yuav tsum tau ntsuas rau hom tshwj xeeb hluav taws xob. Rau cov cuab yeej siv nrog cov duab digital, koj yuav siv cov nyees khawm hloov ntawm alpha, beta, gamma, thiab x-hluav taws xob (xoo hluav taws xob) teeb tsa. Txheeb xyuas koj phau ntawv qhia siv rau cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ntsuas hom hluav taws xob.
- Qee lub cuab yeej siv cov ntawv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob beta, uas yuav tsum tau qhib thiab kaw los ntawm tus kheej txhawm rau hloov ntawm hom hluav taws xob.
- Koj lub cuab yeej tuaj yeem hloov kho tshwj xeeb rau hom hluav taws xob. Txheeb xyuas koj phau ntawv kom paub tseeb.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tsiv lub ntsuas cua hla qhov khoom lossis tus neeg maj mam
Hla tus pas nrig lossis cuab yeej hla saum npoo av ntawm tus lej 1 txog 2 hauv (2.5 txog 5.1 cm) ib pliag. Nco ntsoov tsis txhob tso qhov kawg ntawm tus pas nrig lossis cov cuab yeej ntsuas tau kov txhua yam. Khaws koj lub qhov muag ntawm lub ntsuas, thiab nres li 5 txog 10 vib nas this yog tias lub ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas siab.
- Nco ntsoov tias Gy thiab rad ntsuas koob tshuaj, thiab mSv ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv. Yog tias koj lub cuab yeej ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv mSv lossis mSv/h, koj yuav paub txog kev phom sij lom neeg thiab yuav tsis muaj kev suav ntxiv.
- Tus neeg nruab nrab raug rau 2 txog 4 mSv/a (mSv txhua xyoo), uas sib npaug li 0.002 txog 0.0045 mSv/h (mSv ib teev). Qib siab tshaj 1 mSv/h, xws li sab hauv lub tshuab fais fab nuclear, suav tias yog thaj chaw hluav taws xob siab.
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab cov koob tshuaj los ntawm qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntsuas qhov kev pheej hmoo lom
Yog tias koj lub cuab yeej tsis ntsuas mSv/h, koj tuaj yeem siv Gy lossis rad ntsuas los ntsuas kev pheej hmoo lom. Txhua hom hluav taws xob muaj qhov ua tau zoo (Q), lossis tus lej uas piav qhia nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nqaij mos. Siv koj lub ntsuas ntsuas los ntsuas hom hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb hauv Gy lossis rad, muab koj qhov ntsuas ntsuas los ntawm hom zoo.
- Alpha hais yog hom phom sij tshaj plaws ntawm hluav taws xob thiab muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 20: Gy x 20 = Sv.
- Rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv proton thiab neutron, siv cov mis Sv = Gy x 10.
- Gamma thiab x-rays muaj qhov zoo ntawm 1: Sv = Gy x 1.
- Hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, chav tsev roentgen sib npaug txiv neej (rem) qee zaum siv siv Sievert. Yog tias koj qhov kev ntsuas nyob hauv rad, siv cov qauv rem = rad x Q.
Lub tswv yim
- Thaum yuav khoom rau Geiger lub txee, saib cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm cov koom haum ntseeg tau, xws li US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
- Nkag siab qhov sib txawv ntawm Grey thiab Sievert yog qhov nyuaj me ntsis. Nco ntsoov tias Grey yog ntsuas qhov koob tshuaj, thiab Sievert sawv cev rau kev pheej hmoo noj qab haus huv ntawm koob tshuaj ntawd.
- Muaj 2 hom hluav taws xob: ionizing thiab tsis-ionizing. Ionizing hluav taws xob yog teeb meem rau cov khoom muaj sia, thiab suav nrog alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, thiab neutron radiation. Tsis-ionizing tsis yog teeb meem, thiab suav nrog xov tooj cua (RF), microwaves, thiab pom lub teeb.
- Cov cuab yeej xws li Geiger cov txee tsuas kuaj pom cov hluav taws xob ionizing. Yog tias koj xav paub txog RF hluav taws xob tso tawm los ntawm koj lub xov tooj ntawm tes, txheeb xyuas phau ntawv qhia no:
