Cov hlua tes tuaj yeem lom zem thiab ua tau yooj yim. Cov neeg ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog tuaj yeem ua rau lawv, txawm tias menyuam yaus. Kab lus no yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau cov hlua tes yooj yim siv siv ywj thiab hlaws. Nws tseem yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau txoj hlua tes yooj yim dua siv cov hlau, cov hlaws dai, thiab qawm qho.
Cov kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 4: Pib
Kauj Ruam 1. Txiav txim siab siv elastic yog tias koj yog tus pib
Cov hlua tes no yog kev lom zem, thiab yooj yim los ua. Koj tsuas yog muab cov hlaws dai rau ntawm txoj hlua thiab khawm nws. Koj tsis xav tau ib tug qawm qho. Txhawm rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau txoj hlua tes qhwv ntsej, nyem ntawm no. Koj tuaj yeem yuav cov hlaws dai hauv khw muag hlaws, lossis hauv cov hlaws dai ntawm kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua.
- Ntshiab elastic xov los hauv ntau qhov tuab sib txawv. Thicker elastic yog khov kho, uas ua rau nws haum rau cov hlaws loj. Thinner elastic yog muag heev, thiab zoo tshaj ua ke nrog cov hlaws me me.
- Cov hlua hluav taws xob muaj xov lossis ntaub npog. Lawv tuab los ntawm cov qauv hlaws dai, thiab feem ntau tuaj dub thiab dawb.
Kauj Ruam 2. Sim siv xaim yog tias koj ua tau zoo dua
Cov hlua hlau tsis tuaj yeem raug khi zoo li ywj, thiab yuav tsum tau siv nrog cov hlua khi thiab qawm qho. Cov crimps pab tuav txoj hlua tes ua ke. Nco ntsoov siv cov hlua xaim, uas yoog raws. Cov hlau siv rau xaim qhwv yog tawv heev thiab tuab; nws tsis haum rau hlaws. Txhawm rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau txoj hlua tes nrog txoj hlua, nyem ntawm no.
Xav txog kev siv xov tooj nco rau kev lom zem, muab txoj hlua tes
Kauj Ruam 3. Paub tias qee cov hlaws ua haujlwm zoo dua nrog qee hom hlua
Cov hlaws me me yuav ua haujlwm zoo ntawm nyias, muag heev. Cov hlaws loj, txawm li cas los xij, yuav xav tau qee yam hnyav dua, xws li cov tuab tuab dua lossis cov xaim. Koj tseem yuav xav tau ntxiv qhov ntev ntxiv rau koj txoj hlua tes yog tias koj siv cov hlaws loj. Cov hlaws no sau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm txoj hlua tes thiab koj lub dab teg, ua rau txoj hlua tes haum nruj dua.
Kauj Ruam 4. Xaiv koj cov hlaws
Muaj ntau hom sib txawv ntawm cov hlaws dai. Txhua cov khoom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb saib, thiab qee hom hlaws dai haum rau qee qhov haujlwm tshaj li lwm qhov. Nov yog cov hlaws feem ntau koj yuav pom hauv khw hlaws lossis khw muag khoom kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua:
- Cov hlaws yas yog qhov kim tshaj plaws thiab tuaj hauv ntau yam duab thiab xim sib txawv. Lawv zoo tagnrho rau menyuam cov txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua. Txhawm rau kev lom zem, cov menyuam yaus nyiam cov hlua tes, sim siv cov hlua khov ua kom muaj xim zoo nkauj, thiab siv cov yas yas menyuam roj hmab. Koj kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv cov hlaws dai kom cov menyuam tuaj yeem sau lawv lub npe rau ntawm txoj hlua tes.
- Cov hlaws iav yog qhov zoo nkauj, thiab muaj ntau yam xim sib txawv. Lawv ntes lub teeb kom zoo thiab muaj tus nqi nruab nrab. Feem ntau cov iav hlaws yuav ua kom pom tseeb, thiab qee qhov yuav muaj cov qauv tsim.
- Cov pob zeb ib nrab zoo li yuav kim dua iav hlaws. Lawv kuj zoo li hnyav dua. Vim tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj, tsis muaj ob lub hlaws zoo ib yam.
- Koj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov hlaws dai ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, xws li lub plhaub, ntoo, kaus ntxhw, thiab coral. Cov no zoo li kim thiab txawv; tsis muaj ob lub hlaws zoo ib yam.
Kauj Ruam 5. Txiav txim siab ntawm tus qauv tsim ua ntej muab cov hlaws dai rau ntawm cov hlua khi lossis xaim
Thaum yuav cov hlaws, koj yuav pom tias cov hlaws twb tau muab rau koj lawm. Qhov no tsuas yog lwm txoj hauv kev ntim lawv, thiab tsis hais txog kev tsim qauv zaum kawg. Tsuas yog txiav cov hlaws tawm ntawm lawv txoj hlua thiab npaj lawv hauv cov qauv tshiab ntawm koj lub rooj lossis cov tais hlaws. Nov yog qee cov tswv yim rau kev tsim qauv:
- Muab cov hlaws loj tshaj plaws tso rau hauv nruab nrab, thiab cov hlaws me tshaj rau ntawm cov qawm qho.
- Hloov cov hlaws loj nrog cov hlaws me me/spacer.
- Siv qhov sov (liab, txiv kab ntxwv, daj) lossis xim txias (ntsuab, xiav, thiab ntshav).
- Xaiv ib pawg ntawm cov hlaws dai uas txhua xim tib yam, tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv thiab qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem siv lub teeb xiav, xiav nruab nrab, thiab cov hlaws xiav tsaus.
Kauj Ruam 6. Xav txog qhov tau txais lub tais hlaws
Koj tuaj yeem pom lawv hauv cov khw hlaws lossis hauv cov hlaws dai ntawm cov khw muag khoom kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua. Lawv feem ntau tuaj nyob rau hauv grey, thiab muaj velvety kev ntxhib los mos. Lawv muaj cov saw caj dab zoo li cov ntoo uas ntsuas. Qhov no tso cai rau cov hlaws dai tso lawv cov qauv thiab saib lawv cov saw caj dab lossis hlua tes zoo li cas ua ntej lawv tso cov hlaws dai rau ntawm txoj hlua.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 4: Ua Lub Hlwb Ncauj
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau koj cov khoom siv
Cov hlua tes rub tau yooj yim los ua, thiab xav tau cov cuab yeej tsawg tshaj plaws. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov yooj yim, yooj yim rau menyuam siv ib txoj hlua khov thiab cov yas yas hlaws dai. Koj tseem tuaj yeem ua kom zoo nkauj ib qho siv cov ntaub nplaum thiab iav hlaws. Nov yog cov npe ntawm yam koj yuav xav tau:
- Beading elastic los yog qaum.
- Hlaws
- Txiab
- Daim kab xev los yog daim kab xev
- Super kua nplaum
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntsuas koj lub dab teg thiab txiav qhov ywj kom ntev me ntsis
Siv cov hlaws dai elastic thiab qhwv nws ib thiab ib nrab zaug nyob ib ncig ntawm koj lub dab teg. Txiav nws nrog ib khub txiab txiab. Koj ua rau nws loj dua me ntsis kom koj tuaj yeem khi nws tom qab.
Kauj Ruam 3. Ncab qhov ywj
Tuav qhov ywj ntawm koj cov ntiv tes thiab ncab nws maj mam muab. Qhov no yuav tiv thaiv kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev nthuav tawm tom qab thiab tsim qhov khoob.
Kauj Ruam 4. Khaws ib daim kab xev hla ib qho ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov ywj
Qhov no yuav tiv thaiv cov hlaws ntawm swb thaum koj ua haujlwm. Yog tias koj tsis muaj daim kab xev, lossis yog tias daim kab xev yuav tsis lo, siv daim kab xev los hloov.
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab cov hlaws tso rau ntawm qhov ywj
Koj tsis xav tau rab koob rau qhov no; feem ntau elastic yog txhav txaus uas koj tuaj yeem tso cov hlaws ncaj qha rau txoj hlua. Tuav lub ywj kom ze rau qhov kawg, thiab xaub cov hlaws dai rau.
Sim muab cov hlaws nrog lub qhov loj tshaj plaws ua ntej. Thaum koj ua tiav txoj hlua tes, koj tuaj yeem zais lub pob qhov rooj los ntawm zawv zawg nws hauv qab cov hlaws ntawd
Kauj Ruam 6. Khaws ntxiv cov hlaws kom txog thaum koj muaj qhov ntev uas koj xav tau
Nco ntsoov qhwv txoj hlua tes puag ncig koj lub dab teg ua ke. Thawj thiab zaum kawg hlaws yuav tsum kov, thiab txoj hlua tes yuav tsum xoob me ntsis. Koj tsis xav kom nws ncab ncig koj lub dab teg. Yog tias koj pom qhov khoob lossis qaum, koj yuav xav tau cov hlaws ntxiv.
Kauj Ruam 7. Nqa daim kab xev los yog txiav tawm, thiab khi ib lub xwmfab/pob kws phais
Pib los ntawm folding ob qhov kawg ntawm qhov ywj pheej hla thiab hauv ib leeg, zoo li khi ib nkawm khau. Khi lwm lub pob cyuam zoo li nws tab sis tseem tsis tau nruj nws; koj yuav muaj qee yam uas zoo li lub nplhaib. Qhwv ib qho ntawm cov tw xaus ib ncig ntawm ib sab ntawm lub voj voog. Ua tib yam rau lwm sab. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem kaw lub pob cyuam.
Kauj Ruam 8. Sim swb lub pob hauv qab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov hlaws uas nyob ib sab
Qhov no yuav txiav txim siab seb koj ua tiav txoj hlua tes li cas. Nco ntsoov kom muaj lub raj mis super kua nplaum npaj.
- Yog tias koj tuaj yeem xaub lub pob hauv qab ib qho ntawm cov hlaws, txiav tawm txoj hlua ntxiv thiab muab cov kua nplaum tso rau ntawm lub hauv caug. Xaub lub pob hauv qab lub hlaws.
- Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem haum lub pob hauv qab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov hlaws, ntsaws cov tw hauv qab hauv cov hlaws xwb. Muab ib qho kua nplaum tso rau saum lub hauv caug kom kaw nws.
Kauj Ruam 9. Tos kom cov kua nplaum kom qhuav ua ntej hnav koj cov hlua tes
Yog tias koj sim muab cov hlua tes rau sai sai, lub pob yuav xoob thiab cov kua nplaum yuav tawg. Cov kua nplaum feem ntau yuav qhuav li ntawm 15 feeb, thiab kho tom qab 24 teev; xa mus rau daim ntawv lo rau lub sijhawm kom qhuav ntau dua.
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 4: Ua Quav Khaub Ncaws
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau koj cov khoom siv
Cov hlua tes qhwv tau zoo tshaj li cov hlua tes ncab. Koj yuav xav tau cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv ntxiv txhawm rau ua tiav ib qho. Nov yog cov npe ntawm yam koj yuav xav tau:
- Cov hlua hlau
- Clasp thiab nuv
- 2 crimp hlaws dai
- 2 noob noob
- Hlaws
- Hlau txiav
- Koob qhov ntswg pliers
- Daim kab xev los yog daim kab xev
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntsuas koj lub dab teg nrog kab xev ntsuas thiab ntxiv 5 txog 6 ntiv tes (12.7 txog 15.24 centimeters)
Koj tab tom ua txoj hlua tes ntev dua kom koj tuaj yeem ua tiav. Koj kuj xav kom txoj hlua tes xoob xoob, lossis nws yuav tsis xis nyob. Thaum kawg, koj tab tom ntxiv qhov ntev ntxiv vim tias qee cov hlaws ntxiv ntau qhov ntau dua li lwm tus.
Kauj Ruam 3. Siv cov hlau txiav thiab txiav qee cov hlua hlau raws li qhov ntev ntawd
Koj xav siv cov mos mos, yoog raws cov xov hlau. Tsis txhob txhav hom txhais rau qhwv cov xov. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov hlaws dai hauv khw muag hlaws lossis hauv cov hlaws dai ntawm cov khw muag khoom kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua. Feem ntau nws los ntawm ib lub tiaj tiaj, zoo li tus spool.
Kauj Ruam 4. Qhwv ib daim kab xev nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xaim
Koj ua qhov no kom koj tuaj yeem xaws cov hlaws dai yam tsis poob dab tsi. Yog tias koj tsis muaj daim kab xev, koj tuaj yeem siv daim kab xev txuas ntxiv.
Kauj Ruam 5. Xav txog kev teeb tsa koj tus qauv ntawm lub tais hlaws dai
Yog tias koj tsis muaj lub tais hlaws dai, tso koj tus qauv tso rau ntawm lub rooj, nyob ib sab ntawm daim kab xev ntsuas. Qhov no yuav tso cai rau koj txiav txim siab pes tsawg hlaws koj yuav xav tau rau koj tsim. Yog tias koj tab tom tsim tus qauv yooj yim (xws li ob qho kev hloov xim) lossis tsim tus qauv, koj tsis tas yuav ua qhov no.
Kauj Ruam 6. Muab cov hlaws dai rau ntawm xaim
Thaum koj tau txiav txim siab ntawm koj tus qauv, pib muab cov hlaws dai rau ntawm xaim. Koj tsis xav tau rab koob rau qhov no. Tsuas yog tuav cov xaim ze rau qhov kawg, thiab pib ua cov hlaws dai. Nco ntsoov ntsuas tawm tsam koj lub dab teg ua ntu zus; cov hlaws loj yuav ntxiv rau ntau, yog li koj yuav xav ua kom cov hlua tes ntev dua kom nws haum.
Kauj Ruam 7. Ua kom tiav los ntawm muab cov hlaws dai, cov noob qoob noob qoob, thiab ib feem ntawm cov qawm qho
Thaum koj muaj tag nrho cov hlaws dai ntawm xaim, tso rau ntawm cov hlaws dai, tom qab ntawd hlaws cov noob, thiab thaum kawg khawm. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem qhov twg ntawm cov qawm qho koj muab tso ua ntej.
Koj tuaj yeem siv txhua hom qawm qho. Lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lossis cov qwj nplais-qawm qho yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis ib qho sib nqus tuaj yeem ua rau txoj hlua caj dab yooj yim dua rau thiab tawm
Kauj Ruam 8. Xov hlau rov qab los ntawm cov noob hlaws thiab crimp, ua lub voj
Lub khawm yuav tsum tau dai ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub voj.
Kauj Ruam 9. Maj mam xaub cov crimp thiab cov noob noob mus rau qhov qawm qho
Koj xav kom lawv ua kom yooj yim, tab sis tseem xoob txaus kom cov qawm qho tseem tuaj yeem qoj ib ce. Tawm ntawm ib nti (2.54 centimeters) tus Tsov tus tw ntev ntawm cov xaim.
Kauj Ruam 10. Siv ob rab koob ntawm lub qhov ntswg los zawm cov hlaws
Nco ntsoov txhuam cov hlaws kom nruj. Crimp yog koj "pob caus," yog li nws yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb. Maj mam rub tus xaim. Yog tias nws txav mus, rub lub crimp hlaws kom nruj. Tsis txhob txiav tus Tsov tus tw tawm.
Kauj Ruam 11. Tig txoj hlua tes rov qab thiab rub tus Tsov tus tw rau hauv cov hlaws
Cov hlaws yuav xaub qis rau ntawm crimp thiab qawm qho. Rub tus Tsov tus tw rau hauv thawj ob peb hlaws, zais nws. Tshem tawm daim kab xev lossis daim kab xev los ntawm ua ntej.
Kauj Ruam 12. Rov ua cov txheej txheem rau lwm qhov kawg ntawm cov xaim, tab sis tsis txhob txhuam qhov crimp tsis tau
Muab rau ntawm cov hlaws dai, cov noob hlaws, thiab lwm qhov ntawm cov qawm qho. Xov xov rov qab los ntawm cov noob noob thiab crimp. Maj mam rub tus Tsov tus tw kom txog thaum cov hlaws yaug nrog cov qawm qho.
Kauj Ruam 13. Sim muab txoj hlua tes rau thiab hloov kho, yog tias tsim nyog
Yog tias txoj hlua tes loj dhau, koj yuav tsum hle ob peb hlaws. Yog tias txoj hlua tes me dhau, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv qee cov hlaws. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, tsuas yog rub lub qawm qho, cov noob noob, thiab crimp tawm, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov kho. Nco ntsoov hloov lub crimp, noob hlaws, thiab qawm qho thaum txhua yam haum.
Kauj Ruam 14. Nthuav cov hlaws crimp nrog ob rab koob ntawm lub qhov ntswg thiab rub kom maj mam ntsuas qhov nro
Yog tias koj pom yam hloov pauv me ntsis, tsuas yog rub lub crimp nyuaj dua.
Kauj Ruam 15. Xaws tus Tsov tus tw hla ob mus rau peb hlaws thiab txiav tawm ntawm cov hlau tshaj
Nias lub tiaj tiaj ntawm cov hlau txiav tawm tsam cov hlaws thiab ua tib zoo txiav tawm qhov nyeem ntawm tus Tsov tus tw.
Txoj Kev 4 ntawm 4: Ua Ib Txoj Hlua Tes Ua Ntau Yam
Kauj Ruam 1. Sau koj cov khoom siv
Cov hlua tes ntau txoj hlua tau lom zem ua. Koj ua txhua txoj hlua siv tib hom hlaws, tab sis sib txawv xim. Koj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau txhua txoj hlua siv ntau hom hlaws. Cov noob hlaws yog qhov zoo rau hom hlua tes no. Nov yog cov npe ntawm yam koj yuav xav tau:
- Beading xov
- Koob koob
- Hlaws
- Cov lus qhia hlaws (tseem hu ua hlaws clamps, clam shells, hlaws xaus, lossis txoj hlua qhia)
- 2 dhia ib ncig
- Clasp thiab nuv
- Koob qhov ntswg pliers
- Txiab
- Super kua nplaum
Kauj Ruam 2. Ntsuas koj lub dab teg thiab ntxiv ¼ rau 1 nti (0.64 txog 2.54 centimeters)
Qhov no yuav tso cai rau txoj hlua tes dai nyob ib ncig ntawm koj lub dab teg. Qhov no yuav muab koj qhov ntev ntawm koj cov hlaws ua tiav.
Kauj Ruam 3. Txiav ob daim xov uas yog ob zaug ntawm qhov koj ntsuas
Koj yuav muab lawv tso rau hauv ib nrab hauv cov kauj ruam tom ntej. Qhov no yuav ua rau ib txoj hlua khi.
Kauj Ruam 4. Tuav ob txoj xov ua ke, khawm lawv ib nrab, thiab khi ib lub pob loj nyob ze rau saum lub voj
Koj yuav xav tau li ob txog plaub pob caus. Tsis txhob txhawj xeeb yog tias lawv saib tsis meej; koj yuav zais lawv. Koj yuav tsum xaus nrog lub hauv caug loj thiab plaub txoj hlua ntawm cov xov tawm los ntawm nws. Qhov no yuav ua rau txoj hlua tes ruaj khov dua.
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab ib qho kua nplaum super tso rau hauv lub pob thiab quav cov hlaws taub rau nws
Koj tuaj yeem siv koj lub ntsis ntiv tes lossis ob rab koob ntawm lub qhov ntswg los kaw qhov taub taub. Lub voj ntawm cov hlaws taub yuav tsum nyob rau tib sab ib sab luv, ntxiv qhov kawg ntawm koj cov xov. Koj yuav txiav lawv tawm tom qab.
Kauj Ruam 6. Muab tag nrho plaub txoj hlua ntawm xov los ntawm rab koob hlaws thiab pib hlua koj cov hlaws
Khaws hlua kom txog thaum txoj hlua tes luv me ntsis tshaj qhov koj xav kom nws ua.
Kauj Ruam 7. Tshem rab koob tawm ntawm txoj hlua thiab khi ob peb lub pob ze rau ntawm lub hlaws zaum kawg
Tsis txhob khi txoj hlua ze dhau, txawm li cas los xij, lossis koj yuav tso siab ntau dhau ntawm xov. Sim tawm qhov sib txawv me me ntawm lub hauv caug thiab hlaws.
Kauj Ruam 8. Muab cov kua nplaum tso rau ntawm lub hauv caug thiab quav cov hlaws taub rau lawv
Koj tuaj yeem siv koj lub ntsis ntiv tes lossis ob rab koob ntawm lub qhov ntswg los kaw qhov taub taub. Lub voj ntawm cov hlaws taub yuav tsum tig ntsej muag ntawm cov hlaws.
Kauj Ruam 9. Rov ua cov txheej txheem no kom tsim tau ntau cov hlua raws li koj xav tau
Thaum koj ua tiav tag nrho koj cov strands, nteg lawv tawm ntawm ib sab hauv qhov kev txiav txim uas koj pom pom zoo.
Yog tias koj xav tau qhov "tangled" zoo rau koj cov hlua tes ua tiav, cuam tshuam koj cov hlua ntau dua li ua kom lawv cais
Kauj Ruam 10. Qhib ob txoj hlua dhia uas siv ob rab koob qhov ntswg
Tuav lub nplhaib dhia nrog koj cov ntiv tes thiab ob rab koob ntawm lub qhov ntswg. Kev txiav ib feem ntawm lub nplhaib dhia yuav tsum yog nruab nrab ntawm koj cov ntiv tes thiab cov pliers. Tuav lub nplhaib kom nruj nrog cov pliers, tom qab ntawd txav koj cov ntiv tes kom deb ntawm koj. Lub nplhaib dhia yuav qhib qhib. Rov ua cov kauj ruam no rau lwm lub nplhaib dhia.
Kauj Ruam 11. Muab ib feem ntawm cov qawm qho thiab cov hlua khi rau ntawm ib lub nplhaib dhia
Tuav lub nplhaib dhia nrog rab koob lub qhov ntswg, thiab xaub lub qawm qho thiab qhwv cov hlua rau ntawm lub nplhaib. Tsuas yog ib qho kawg ntawm cov hlua khi yuav tsum yog ntawm lub nplhaib dhia. Lwm qhov kawg ntawm txoj hlua yuav tsum tau dai dawb.
Kauj Ruam 12. Kaw lub nplhaib dhia
Tseem tuav lub nplhaib dhia nrog cov pliers, tuav lub nplhaib nrog koj cov ntiv tes. Tsiv koj txhais tes rau ntawm koj, ntswj lub nplhaib ze.
Kauj Ruam 13. Rov ua cov txheej txheem rau lwm txoj hlua thiab lwm qhov kawg ntawm cov hlua khi
Nias lub khawm rau lwm lub nplhaib dhia, nrog rau cov hlua. Kaw lub nplhaib dhia.
Yees duab - Los ntawm kev siv qhov kev pabcuam no, qee cov ntaub ntawv yuav raug muab qhia rau YouTube
Lub tswv yim
- Nws yog qhov zoo dua los txiav cov ywj lossis xaim ntev dhau. Koj tuaj yeem luv nws ib txwm. Yog tias koj txiav qee yam luv luv, koj yuav tsum pib dua; koj tsis tuaj yeem ua xaim lossis ywj ntev dua.
- Sim ua ob peb txoj hlua tes thiab hnav lawv ua ke rau qhov saib zoo nkauj.
- Ua ntau txoj hlua tes thiab muab rau lawv tam li khoom plig lossis muag lawv hauv online lossis ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua.
